Americas
Region Profile
Costa Rica and the United States are leaders in global grain fortification as they are the only countries with legislative requirements to fortify wheat flour, maize flour, and rice.
Most countries in the Americas began wheat and maize flour fortification several decades ago. We encourage these countries to review their standards. The levels of vitamins and minerals may need to be revised, the fortification compounds used may need to be changed, or additional nutrients may need to be added to create a desired public health impact. World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for wheat flour and guidelines for maize flour offer a starting point for these discussions. In updating or creating new policy documents for fortification, review these key topics (in English or Spanish) to include in legislation, standards, and monitoring guidelines.
Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, and the United States have mandatory fortification of rice. Additionally, Brazil and Venezuela have standards allowing for voluntary rice fortification. See WHO guidelines for fortifying rice to improve the nutrition of a population.
The countries in this region and the legislative status of grain fortification are listed below. In this region, Nicaragua reports that more than 50% of its industrially milled maize flour is fortified even though it is not mandatory. See the Global Fortification Data Exchange (GFDx) in English or in Spanish (en español) for information on when the country’s legislation was passed and whether the country also fortifies cooking oil and salt.
For more information on the unique data-driven approach that FFI uses to prioritize country assistance and support in the region, see our Americas regional strategy.
Fortification Legislation Status
Click on any of the column headings to sort the list by country, wheat flour, maize flour, or rice.
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Our definition of legislative status:
Mandatory: Legislation has the effect of mandating fortification of one or more types of wheat or maize flour or rice with at least iron or folic acid.
Voluntary: Country has standard for fortification, but fortification is not mandatory.
If the information we have is incorrect, please send updated information to info@ffinetwork.org
Resources
News
Ahead of the UN Food Systems Summit, UN Climate Change Conference (COP26), and Tokyo Nutrition for Growth (N4G) Summit, FFI joined a range of food fortification experts to call on national governments, the private sector and donors to commit to fortification.
Using varied study designs (none of which can confirm causality), a recently published analysis found that after wheat flour fortification was implemented at large scale in countries, many health outcomes were improved.
Half of the countries that fortify maize and wheat flours with iron, zinc and vitamin B12 may need to update their standards to meet the World Health Organization’s (WHO) current recommendations, according to a recent study published in Food Policy.
To prevent a rise in malnutrition as a result of the pandemic, countries need to maintain food systems and support large-scale interventions like the fortification of staple foods. The frontline of every country’s health system are the immune systems of its people.
A recent study published in Perspectives in Human Nutrition found that Colombian pre-school children who ate foods containing fortified wheat flour such as bread and pasta were less likely to have anemia than those who ate few fortified wheat flour foods.
A recent study published in Nutrients by scientists from the University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison has sparked concern among nutrition experts who say the study’s findings are incorrect and misleading.
The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation today unveiled the Food Fortification Initiative (FFI) and its partners’ proposal as one of the highest-scoring proposals, designated as the Top 100, in its 100&Change competition for a single $100 million grant to help solve one of the world's most critical social challenges.
A Cochrane systematic review on the benefits and safety of fortifying wheat or maize flour with folic acid and population health outcomes, led by scientists in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell, found that fortification with folic acid (the synthetic form of folate) may improve folate status and reduce the occurrence of neural tube defects.
To prevent a rise in malnutrition as a result of the pandemic, countries need to maintain food systems and support large-scale interventions like the fortification of staple foods. The frontline of every country’s health system are the immune systems of its people.
To prevent a rise in malnutrition as a result of the pandemic, countries need to maintain food systems and support large-scale interventions like the fortification of staple foods. The frontline of every country’s health system are the immune systems of its people.
A Cochrane systematic review on the benefits and safety of fortifying wheat or maize flour with folic acid and population health outcomes, led by scientists in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell, found that fortification with folic acid (the synthetic form of folate) may improve folate status and reduce the occurrence of neural tube defects.
The public policy planning forum that launched what became FFI was on 24 October 2002 in Mauritius. To celebrate our 15th birthday in 2017, we honored 15 fortification champions from different sectors and different parts of the world. An influential person who supports fortification is a key to success.