Grain Production, Imports, Exports, and Availability
| Domestic production | Grain imports | Grain exports | Flour imports | Flour exports | Available in food supply | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat | 110,000 | 5,034,000 | 12,000 | 1,204 | 143 | 50 |
| Maize | 12,949,000 | 277,000 | 4,000 | 4,813 | 426 | 76 |
| Rice | 4,823,532 | 7,811 | 120 | 61 |
All figures (except the amount available in food supply for consumption) are expressed in metric tons. Amount of flour or rice available in food supply is expressed in grams/person/day.
Source: FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. For details, see our “How We Get Our Data” page.
Legislation, Milling Industry, and Fortification
| Legislation | Number of industrial mills (>20 metric tons/day) | % Flour/rice produced in industrial mills | % Industrially milled flour/rice that is fortified | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat | Mandatory | 18 | 96 | 65 |
| Maize | Mandatory | 2 | 20 | 80 |
| Rice | None | 18 | 0 |
Industrial wheat and maize flour mill: capacity to mill more than 20 metric tons/day
Industrial rice mill: capacity to mill at least 5 metric tons/hour of paddy rice
Source: FFI database.
Note: Estimates may differ from Global Fortification Data Exchange estimates as FFI assumes imported flour/rice is industrially milled. FFI includes imported flour/rice into the total percentage of flour/rice produced in industrial mills and percentage of industrially milled flour/rice that is fortified.
Nutrients Added Through Fortification
| Minerals | B Vitamins | Fat-soluble Vitamins | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium | Iron | Selenium | Zinc | B6 | B12 | Folic Acid | Niacin | Riboflavin | Thiamin | Vitamin A | Vitamin D | Vitamin E | ||
| Wheat | 40 | 50 | 6 | 0.02 | 2.6 | 45 | 5 | 6 | 2 | |||||
| Maize | 40 | 50 | 6 | 0.02 | 2.6 | 45 | 5 | 6 | 2 | |||||
| Rice | ||||||||||||||
All nutrient amounts are expressed in parts per million.
Source: FFI database.
Prevalence of Neural Tube Defects, Anemia, and Inadequate Zinc Intake
| Neural tube defects per 10,000 births1 | % Anemia in non-pregnant women of reproductive age2 | % Anemia in pre-school children3 | % Population at risk of inadequate zinc intake4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27 | 23.3 | 31 | 20.6 |
- Note: This figure may not include pregnancy loss or terminations of pregnancies due to prenatal diagnosis of a neural tube defect. With all folic acid interventions in place, the birth prevalence of neural tube defects would be about 6 per 10,000.
- Note: Anemia can be caused by many things. Fortifying flour and rice can reduce the risk of anemia caused by nutritional deficiencies. The classification of anemia as a public health problem, according to the World Health Organization is:
- ≤4.9%: No public health problem
- 5.0–19.9%: Mild public health problem
- 20.0–39.9%: Moderate public health problem
- ≥40.0%: Severe public health problem
- Note: Preschool children are usually defined as ages 6–59 months.
- Note: Zinc is needed for optimal child health and physical growth and normal pregnancy outcomes. If the probability of inadequate zinc intake is greater than 25%, it is considered an elevated public health concern, according to Conclusions of the Joint WHO/UNICEF/IAEA/IZiNCG Interagency Meeting on Zinc Status Indicators.